Synergistic thermo-hydraulic performance of hybrid winged–wavy rib and dimpled cooling channels for EV battery thermal management
Numerical modelling at Reynolds numbers 10,000-50,000 found that a 30-degree wing angle maximised vortex-dimple interaction, raising average Nusselt number 36.2% and thermal performance factor 12.1% over baseline, while friction factor rose 61.9%.